Climate, weather, space weather: model development in an operational context

Model error in weather and climate forecasting

We review various interpretations of the phrase “model error”, choosing to focus here on how to quantify and minimise the cumulative effect of model “imperfections” that either have not been eliminated because of incomplete observations/understanding or cannot be eliminated because they are intrinsic to the model’s structure. We will not provide a recipe for eliminating these imperfections, but...

The Impact of Climate & Weather upon Tourism with Particular emphasis on snow Skiing development in Iran

Operational space weather service for GNSS precise positioning

The ionospheric plasma can significantly influence the propagation of radio waves and the ionospheric disturbances are capable of causing range errors, rapid phase and amplitude fluctuations (radio scintillations) of satellite signals that may lead to degradation of the system performance, its accuracy and reliability. The cause of such disturbances should be sought in the processes originating...

Weather and Climate Forecasting

The Biblical quotation above is an ancient example of attempting to make meteorological predictions based on empirical observations. The idea it contains tends to work as a forecasting scheme, and it has been expressed in many different ways in the subsequent 2,000 years. it is one of many sayings and rhymes of folklore that provide a qualitative description of the weather. In the 17th century,...

Weather, climate, and farmers: an overview

Challenges in linking meteorological and climatological information with a wide range of farming decisions are addressed in this paper. In particular, while a considerable amount of weather and climate information is now available for farmers, some types of information under development or already operational, particularly climate forecasting, formation, may be ill-suited for use by farmers for...